What "personal data" legally means in the US, which law actually covers your situation, and how the patchwork of federal and state rules fits together.
Unlike the EU's GDPR, the United States has no single comprehensive federal privacy law. Instead, coverage depends on the type of data: health records fall under HIPAA, financial records under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), credit-related data under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), children's data under COPPA (under-13), and student education records under FERPA. If your situation doesn't fit one of these sector laws, the main federal backstop is Section 5 of the FTC Act, which lets the Federal Trade Commission act against "unfair or deceptive" data practices — but it doesn't give you a personal right to sue.
States have filled some of the gap. California's CCPA (amended by the CPRA) gives California residents the right to know what personal data a business holds, request deletion, and opt out of its sale — enforced by the California Privacy Protection Agency. Colorado, Connecticut, Virginia, and a growing list of other states have passed similar laws with varying scope; check your state attorney general's site for the exact right and deadline that applies where you live.
Companies like Spokeo, Whitepages, and MyLife aggregate public records and sell profiles. Vermont and California require broker registries you can search; most brokers also offer an individual opt-out form, though you typically have to repeat the process broker-by-broker since there's no single federal opt-out registry for data brokers (unlike the FTC's Do Not Call Registry for phone calls).
Under GLBA, financial institutions must let you opt out of sharing with unaffiliated third parties (you have to act to stop it). GDPR-style opt-in regimes require affirmative consent before collection in the first place — the default assumption is reversed. This distinction is why the same company can behave very differently toward EU and US users.
See Protecting Your Privacy: Action Steps for the specific things to actually do this week.